英国皇家建筑师学会会刊记者Pamela Buxton采访MVRDV联合创始人Winy Maas：“工作场所、住宅和城市设计都是相互关联的，” Winy Maas说道，“这是一个重新思考我们期待的建筑环境的机会——我们必须是积极的贡献者。”

Q1：疫情过后，办公室还会保持原样吗?

疫情发生之前，办公室的设计就已经发生了巨大的变化。所以问题是，办公室将会变成什么样的？我认为，疫情的蔓延将加速一些已经发生的变化，如增加休闲区域、增加办公桌之间的交流区域以及增加在家工作的时间；它也有可能会阻止一些其他的变化，更多可能发生的变化还尚未确定。作为建筑师和人类的一员，为了应对病毒，我们有必要积极地为未来的办公环境做出贡献。很多关于后疫情时代建筑和城市的讨论都忘记了这个空间。

Even before Covid-19, office design was already going through big changes. So the question is, will offices ever be the same as what? I think the pandemic will accelerate some of the changes that were already taking place, such as more leisure places, more communication zones between the desks and also more work done at home. It might stop some of the other changes. Even more of the possible changes are yet to be determined. So it’s important for us, as architects and as human beings, to be active contributors to what we want the offices of the future to be like, in light of the virus. A lot of discussion about post-pandemic architecture and cities forgets that agency.

Q2：随着员工开始重返工作岗位，办公室如何在短期内做出调整以应对社交距离的变化?

我们对自己的鹿特丹办公室进行了一项研究，如果遵循荷兰政府的建议，在工作时保持1.5米的社交距离，我们办公室的容量将是之前的45%。

通过设计可能会增加一点容量。但即使要实现45%的容量，还需要考虑一个更重要的因素，那就是规则。例如，我们如何确保人们减少在狭窄空间里花费的时间，比如在走廊和楼梯上？如何在彼此不太靠近的情况下进行会议？每个公司在员工返岗前都应该做一个类似的研究，评估办公室的容纳能力，并制定最适合当前空间的返岗策略。

Design solutions might increase that a little. But even to make 45 per cent possible there is a more important consideration, which is policies. How do we make sure people don’t spend too much time in close quarters, in corridors and on stairs, for example? How do meetings take place without being too close? In this way, every office should do a similar study before returning to work. They should assess their capacity and write policies that best fit the space they currently have.

Q3：制定这种返岗策略的主要挑战有哪些?

最大的挑战将是人们希冀于简单的答案。一些人似乎认为，为了阻止病毒的传播，我们可能会看到一些办公室回到那种办公桌之间设有隔板的隔断办公空间时代。我怀疑这种做法的有效性；但更重要的是，我们真的想要回到那个情形之中吗?

The biggest challenge will be people looking for easy answers. Some people seem to think we might see a return to 1980s-style cubicle offices with barriers between desks to stop the spread of the virus. I doubt the effectiveness of that. But even more importantly, is that really something we want to go back to?

Q4：疫情对设计办公空间的长期影响是什么?

很难准确地预测将来办公空间的设计会发生什么变化，但我可以谈谈我个人希望看到的变化。许多公司都因为疫情而被迫开发远程办公系统；而且它们发现，员工大规模在家办公是可行的。

这带来了很多影响。其中一个是疫情突出了对开放式办公室设计的巨大批评，而这是我们以前的设计范例。多年来，人们批评开放式办公空间造成了太多的干扰。办公空间的设计朝着不同的方向发展。现在这个观点有点改变了：如果你知道自己可以待在家里集中注意力工作，那为什么还要去办公室呢?

我认为办公室可能适合另一种类型的工作，也许我可以从我自己的经历中提出一些关于这方面的看法。在我们鹿特丹的办公室，我没有办公桌。我经常出差——至少在今年三月份以前是这样的。无论是在家里、会议室还是在旅途中，我已经习惯用笔记本电脑工作了。这也让我在办公室时能够以一种不同的方式来工作：如果我在办公室，那我通常在与其他人合作、分享看法、作为团队的一员一同创造。Zoom软件目前还不能取代肢体语言……

大多数人的工作是这两种类型的工作或多或少的结合。所以问题将会是我们如何使办公室成为与他人一起工作的舒适场所？我们如何设计鼓励深度合作的空间？如果办公桌并不是为了隔开大家，而是以与他人交流为目的来设计的，那么办公桌会是什么样的呢？会议室如何设计才能更有效率？

Most people have jobs that need at least some of both types of work. So the question will be how do we make offices the right environment for working together with others? How do we design spaces that encourage deep collaboration? What would a desk look like if it was designed for communicating with others, instead of closing yourself off from the room? How can meeting rooms be more productive?

Q5：你认为目前对灵活办公和共享办公的社会性和公共性在疫情后会继续被强调吗?

我希望它能继续下去，我还希望它会变得更明晰。改善办公室的公共环境要比放入一张乒乓球桌复杂得多——即使有放置的空间。这不仅仅是关于为员工提供便利，更是关于创造一个让人们觉得可以有效完成工作的场所。员工们能感觉到在一起，就像在家里一样。

I hope it will continue. I also hope it will become more nuanced. Improving the communal aspect of offices is much more complex than bringing in a ping-pong table - although there is also room for that, too. It is not only about providing amenities. It is about creating places where people can feel like they can accomplish things effectively. And that they can feel together… at home somehow. 

Q6：你认为会有更多的人长期在家工作吗?

也许有些人会，但我希望不要有太多人长期在家工作。因为现在我们讨论的是另一种尺度，城市尺度。大量长期在家工作的人对城市的影响是巨大的，而且可能并不是积极的。不论是每天上下班的人，还是从外地来城市出差旅行的人，亦或是其他在城市里移动的人，他们给城市注入了一股活力。人员的流动是保持城市活力的重要因素之一，这使城市成为有趣和令人兴奋的地方。如果缺少了这种脉动，也不需要考虑每天的通勤时间，城市对人们的吸引力可能会降低。城市空间可能会再次蔓延，就像20世纪下半叶那样。这将是一场环境和社会的灾难，我们最终会后悔，就像我们现在后悔20世纪城市的过度扩张一样。

Perhaps some people will. But I hope not too many. Because now we are talking about a different scale, the urban scale. The urban impact of huge numbers of people working from home permanently would be significant and probably not positive. Cities are given a pulse by people travelling to work every day, whether they travel into the city from elsewhere or they move within the city. That movement of people is one of the things that keeps cities lively. It makes them fun, exciting places to be. Without that pulse, and without having to consider how long their daily commute would be, people may become less attracted to cities. Urban space could begin to sprawl again, like it did in the second half of the 20th century. That would be an environmental and social disaster and we’d end up regretting it, just as we now regret 20th-century sprawl.

Q7：如何设计办公室，使它成为在家办公之外的另一种令人认可的选择?

在某种程度上，我认为办公室已经是一个令人认可的选择。在家办公的好处可能会改变我们设计办公室的方式。但在我和我的同事们交流之后，我发现他们很怀念同事之间共处的时光。与这种公共精神相吻合的办公室将会很受欢迎并且能高效产出。

这个问题的反面同样值得思考。如果人们能够像我建议的那样，可以在在家办公和办公室办公之间做出选择——在家里集中注意力办公或去办公室合作办公——我们如何确保他们的家是办公室之外一个令人认可的选择？在同一个空间工作和生活可能会带来心理上的挑战。通常建议在家工作的人强化办公和生活的区别。他们的房子足够大吗？我们会看到越来越多的人希望有一个专门的房间或学习空间来工作吗?

There is also a reverse to your question. If people are able to choose between working from home and going to the office as I’ve suggested - staying home to focus and going to an office to collaborate - how do we ensure that their homes offer a compelling alternative to an office? Working and living in the same space can be psychologically challenging. The usual advice for people working from home is to emphasise the separation between the two. Are people’s homes large enough for this? Will we see a rise in people expecting a spare room or study space for work?

Q8：你认为这是重新设计办公空间的一个积极的机会吗?

在当前的环境下，“积极”这个词可能不太合适，但的确是一个我们应该利用的机会。不仅仅是重新设计办公室，还应该包括住宅设计，城市设计等等，因为它们都是相互关联的。还有很多很多问题需要回答。但是如果我们所知道的生命将会被这种病毒所改变，我们难道不应该首先了解我们想要过什么样的生活吗?

'Positive' maybe isn’t the right word given the circumstances, but it’s an opportunity we should take advantage of. Not just to re-invent office design, but also home design, city design and so on, because they are all interconnected. There are still many, many questions that need to be answered. But if life as we know it is going to be changed by this virus, shouldn’t we know what kind of life we want to have first?